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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WrtST  HUUN  STIKT 

WHSTBtN  V    I4SM 

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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibllooraphic  NotM/NotM  tcchniquac  ct  bIbiiographiquM 


Tha  Inatltuta  hat  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  baat 
originai  copy  avallabia  for  Aiming.  Faaturaa  of  thia 
copy  which  may  ba  bibllographlcally  unlqua, 
which  may  aKar  any  of  tha  Imagaa  in  tha 
raproduction.  or  which  may  aignificantly  changa 
tha  uauai  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chaclcad  baiow. 


□   Coiourad  covara/ 
Couvartura  da  coulaur 


I     I   Covara  damagad/ 


D 


D 


Couvartura  andommagAa 

Covara  raatorad  and/or  iaminatad/ 
Couvartura  raataurAa  at/ou  paliiculAa 


□  Covar  titia  mlaaing/ 
La  titra  da  couvartura  manqua 

□   Coiourad  mapa/ 
Cartaa  gAooraphiquaa  an 


gteqraphiquaa  an  coulaur 

Id  ink  (i.a.  othar  than  biua 
Encra  da  coulaur  (i.a.  autra  qua  biaua  ou  noira) 


r~n   Coiourad  ink  (I.a.  othar  than  biua  or  black)/ 


rn  Coiourad  plataa  and/or  liiuatrationa/ 


D 


Pianchaa  at/ou  liiuatrationa  an  coulaur 


Bound  with  othar  matariai/ 
RaiiA  avac  d'autraa  documents 


Tight  binding  mviy  causa  shadows  or  distortion 
along  intarior  margin/ 

La  raliura  sarrAa  paut  causar  da  i'ombra  ou  da  la 
distortion  la  long  da  la  marga  IntAriaura 

Blank  laavas  addad  during  rastoration  may 
appaar  within  tita  taxt.  Whanovar  possibia,  thasa 
hava  liaan  omKtad  from  filming/ 
11  sa  paut  qua  cartainas  pagas  blanches  ajoutias 
lors  d'una  rastauration  apparaissant  dans  la  taxta, 
mais,  lorsqua  caia  Atait  possibia,  cas  pagas  n'ont 
pas  4t4  fllm«as. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentalres  supplAmentaires: 


L'instHtut  a  microfiimi  la  meliieur  exempieire 
quil  lul  e  4tA  poaaibia  da  aa  procurer.  1.08  d4talis 
da  cat  exempieire  qui  aont  paut-Atre  uniquee  du 
point  de  vue  bibilogrephique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  imege  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modlficetion  dens  ie  mithode  normeie  de  filmege 
sont  Indlquis  cl-dessous. 


Th« 
toi 


I — I  Coloured  peges/ 


D 
D 


Peges  de  couleur 

Peges  demeged/ 
Peges  endommeg4es 

Peges  restored  end/oi 

Peges  resteurAes  et/ou  peiiiculAes 

Peges  discoloured,  stelned  or  foxei 
Peges  dAcolories.  techeties  ou  piquAes 

Peges  deteched/ 
Peges  d^teehAes 

Showthroughy 
Trensperence 

Quellty  of  prir 

QueiltA  InAgale  de  I'lmpression 

Includes  supplementary  materli 
Comprend  du  metiriei  supplAmentaIre 


pn  Peges  demeged/ 

|~~|  Peges  restored  end/or  lemineted/ 

r~~|  Peges  discoloured,  stelned  or  foxed/ 

|~~|  Peges  deteched/ 

r~n  Showthrough/ 

|~n  Quellty  of  print  verles/ 

r~|  Includes  supplementary  materiel/ 


Th« 
poi 
of 
filnl 


Ori 

bei 

the 

sioi 

oth( 

firsi 

sior 

ori 


Only  edition  eveliebie/ 
Seule  Mitlon  disponibki 

Peges  wholly  or  pertleliy  obscured  by  erreta 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  imege/ 
Les  peges  totsiement  ou  pertleliement 
obscurcies  per  un  feuillet  d'errete,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  AtA  flimAes  A  nouveeu  de  fsQcn  * 
obtenir  la  mellleure  image  possible. 


Tha 
shal 
TIN 
whi 

Mar 
diffi 
entii 
begi 
right 
raqu 
mati 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  retio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  su  taux  de  rAduction  indiquA  ci-dessous 

10X                           14X                           18X                           22X 

26X 

30X 

i 

y 

12X                           IfX                           aOX                           aiX                           2tX                           32X 

Tlw  copy  film«d  h«r«  has  b—n  r«produc«d  thank* 
to  th«  gonorotity  of: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Columbia 


L'oxomplairo  filmA  fut  roproduit  grica  i  la 
ginArotit*  da: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Columbia 


Tha  imagas  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
possibia  considaring  tha  condition  and  laglbillty 
of  tha  original  copy  and  In  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spacificatlons. 


Las  Imagas  sulvantas  ont  At4  raproduitas  avac  la 
plus  grand  soln,  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattat*  da  I'axamplaira  fllmi.  at  an 
conformitA  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  da 
fllmaga. 


Original  coplas  in  printad  papar  covars  ara  fllmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  lllustratad  Impras- 
slon.  or  tho  back  covar  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  coplas  ara  fllmad  baginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  lllustratad  impras- 
slon,  and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  printad 
or  lllustratad  imprassion. 


Tha  last  racordad  frama  on  aach  microficha 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  — ^  (maaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  tha  symbol  V  (maaning  "END"), 
whichavar  applias. 


Las  axamplairas  orlginaux  dont  la  couvartura  an 
papiar  ast  ImprimAa  sont  filmis  9n  commandant 
par  la  pramiar  plat  at  •n  tarminant  soit  par  la 
darnlAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  ampralnta 
d'imprassion  ou  d'lllustratlon.  soit  par  la  sacond 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Tous  las  autras  axamplairas 
orlginaux  sont  filmis  an  commanpant  par  la 
pramlAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'imprassion  ou  d'lllustratlon  at  an  tarminant  par 
la  darnlAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  talla 
amprainta. 

Un  das  symbolas  sulvants  apparaltra  sur  la 
darnlAra  imaga  da  chaqua  microficha.  salon  la 
cas:  I*  symbols  — ►  signifia  "A  SUIVRE".  la 
symbols  ▼  signifia  "'IN". 


Maps,  platas,  charts,  ate,  may  ba  fllmad  at 
diffarant  rsduction  ratios.  Thosa  too  larga  to  bs 
antiraly  includad  in  ona  axposura  are  fllmad 
baginning  in  tha  uppar  laft  hand  cornar,  laft  to 
right  and  tof?  to  bottom,  as  many  framas  as 
raquirad.  Tha  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvent  Atre 
filmAs  A  des  taux  da  reduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich*.  il  est  film*  i  partir 
da  Tangle  supAriaur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite. 
et  de  haut  en  bas.  an  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nicessaire.  Les  diagrammes  sulvants 
lllustrent  la  mithoda. 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1  2  3 

4  5  6 


-fci 


No.  n. 


mDIAN  BULLETi:^ 


FOR    1868. 


CONTAIKISO   A   BRIEF 


ACCOUNT  OF  CHINESE  VOYAGES  TO  THE  NORTH-WEST 
COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


A\D  THE 


INTERPRETATION  OF  !00  INDIAN  NAMES 


BT 


REV.  N.  AV.  .TONE?. 


m 


m> 


NKW  TORT?:: 
PRINTED     HY    0.     A.    ALVORl) 

1869. 


The  author  takes  this  occasion  to  oxpresn  his  sincprc  thanks  to  Iho  numerous 
patrons  of  this  work,  and  lo  tlio  following  gentlornon  for  valuable  documents 
and  information. 

Rkv.  Edwabd  Ballard.  D.  D. 

Joseph  Barbatt,  M.  D. 

E.  B.  O'Callaoiiax,  Esq.,  State  Historian  of  Now  York. 

Hon.  Eusha  Dvkii,  Ei  Gov.  of  H.  I. 

Hon.  Ca&RUEs  Polsom. 

Prop.  S.  S.  Haldkjiajt. 

PRBDBRIC   KlDDE.l,    Esq. 

Hon.  T.  Bailet  Metebs. 
John  G.  Shea,  LL.  D. 
Hon.  J.  H.  Trumbull. 


Katere.I  nccorllnj  to  Act  of  C.nyrcM,  in  tlic  yew  IStt3,  by  N.  W.  J..xr».  in  tli<«  Cl.iV»  Oltle* 
of  tho  Dl»trlol  Court  of  the  Ualtoa  SUtei  fur  the  Soutliern  District  of  Nbw  Turk. 


CHINESE  VOYAGES  TO    THE    NORTH- 
WEST COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


In  the  early  part  of  the  first  century  of  our  era  the 
Seres  (Chinese)  traded  to  the  island  of  Ceylon.  A.D.  41, 
a  vessel  belonging  to  Plo<;lamus,  the  Roman  farmer  of 
customs  in  the  Red  Sea,  was  blown  off  the  coast  of  Ara- 
bia, and  carried  by  violent  winds  to  the  island  of  Ceylon. 
This  accident  led  to  the  sending  of  embassadors  from  the 
king  of  the  country  to  tiie  court  of  Rome.  These  embas- 
sadors informed  the  emperor  that  the  Seres  formerly 
traded  to  their  country,  and  exchanged  their  goods  with- 
out the  aid  of  speech. — See  Macpherson's  "  Annals  of 
Commerce,"  vol.  1,  p.  149. 

Again,  vol.  1,  p.  225,  we  are  informed  that  they  traded 
at  tlie  same  island,  a.  d.  622.  These  facts  demonstrate 
sufficient  nautical  skill  and  daring  among  the  Chinese  at 
that  period  to  make  a  coasting  voyage  of  nearly  6,000 
miles  in  length. 

In  the  year  of  our  Lord  851,  Chinese  ships  traded  to 
Siras  in  the  Persian  Gulf. — Macpherson,  vol.  1,  p.  225. 

Whether  the  bold  and  enterprising  navigators  of  East- 
em  Asia  extended  their  voyages  to  the  shores  of  Amer- 
ica about  the  fifth  century  of  our  era  is  a  subject  worthy 
of  investigation,  and  research.  They  certainly  sailed  far 
to  the  south  and  west— did  they  direct  the  prows  of  their 
vessels  toward  the  east ;  it  is  the  object  of  this  essay  to 
collect  some  of  the  scattered  rays  of  light  bearing  on  this 
subject  and  present  them  for  the  consideration  of  the  can- 
didreader.  13954. 


.   '*', 


I  I 


COKEAN  AND  CIIINKSK  VOVAQES. 

"Besides,  the  traditions  of  the  Mexicans,  or  rather  their 
records  in  painting,  confirm  the  Chinese  nianuscripts, 
which  Santini  lias  translated  into  the  Italian  language. 
According  to  him  the  Kitans  in  the  second  year  of  the 
dynasty  of  Tsin,  emperor  of  China,  declared  war  against 
the  Coreans.  Tlie  Kitans  were  a  powerful  nation  who  in- 
habited Eastern  Tartary,  and  dwelt  in  the  north  and  north- 
east of  tlie  province  of  Pechele,  in  China.  The  Coreans 
were  subdued  by  the  Kitans,  who  afterward  exercised 
such  tyranny  over  the  vanquished,  that  the  Coreans  un- 
dertook a  voyage  by  sea  in  order  to  establish  a  colony  in 
a  distant  land. 

"The  course  which  they  pursued  was  toward  the  north- 
east. During  a  voyagi  of  nine  weeks  they  passed  sev- 
eral islands,  and  arrived  at  a  country  whose  bounds 
they  could  not  distrover."  Tiiis  country  some  have  sup-" 
posed  was  America.  .  A  voyage  of  nine  weeks  in  a  north- 
easterly direction  from  Corea  ought  to  have  carried  them 
to  some  part  of  the  northwest  coast  of  America. — See 
Macintosh's  "History  of  the  North  American  Indians." 

The  following  is  an  account  of  a  country  called  Fou- 
sang,  more  than  40, <)()()  Li  to  the  east  of  China  (a  I^i  is 
now  one-third  of  a  mile),  as  recorded  in  the  Grand  An- 
nals of  China,  translated  from  the  Chinese  into  French 
by  J.  Klaproth,  "Annaley  des  Voj^iges,"  vol.  51.  M.  de 
Guignes  was  the  first  to  discover  and  translate  the  docu- 
ments, but  Klaproth' 8  translation  is  considered  tlie  Vtest. 

"  In  the  first  of  the  years  young  yuan,  during  the  reign 
of  Fiti,  of  the  dynasty  of  Thsi  (a.  d.  499),  a  chamman  (a 
Buddhist  priest),  named  Hoe-chin,  came  from  the  country 
of  Fousang  to  Kingtcheou.  He  related  the  following : 
Fousang  is  20,000  Li  to  the  east  of  Tahan,  and  also  to 
the  east  of  China.  In  that  country  gi*ow8  much  of  a  tree 
called  Fousang,  the  leavt^s  of  which  resemble  those  of 
the  Thong  (Bignonia  Tomentosa).     The  first  shoots  those 


of  the  bamboo.  The  people  of  the  country  eat  them. 
The  fruit  is  red,  and  of  the  form  of  a  pear.  They  make 
hemp  of  the  bark  of  this  tree.  They  also  make  from  it 
cloth  and  garments.  They  manivfacture  also  stuffs  from 
the  flowers.  Boards  made  of  its  wood  are  used  in  the 
construction  of  their  houses. 

**  For  in  that  country  there  are  neither  cities  nor  walled 
habitations.  The  inhabitants  have  a  knowledge  of  writ- 
ing, and  make  paper  from  the  bark  of  the  Fousang.  They 
have  neither  armies  nor  troops,  and  they  do  not  make 
war.  For  the  execution  of  the  laws  of  the  realm  they 
have  a  southern  and  northern  prison.  Those  who  have 
committed  small  offenses  are  s«^nt  to  the  southern  prison, 
but  great  criminals  are  consigned  to  the  northern.  Those 
who  are  to  receive  pardon  are  sent  to  the  southern,  those 
to  whom  pardon  can  not  be  granted  are  detained  in  the 
prison  of  the  north.  The  men  and  women  who  find 
themselves  in  this  prison  are  permitted  to  marry  among 
themselves.  The  male  infants  who  are  born  of  these 
unions  are  sold  into  slavery  at  eight  years  of  age.  The 
females  at  the  age  of  nine  years.  The  criminals  who  are 
shut  up  here  are  never  permitted  to  depart  living.  When 
a  man  of  superior  rank  commits  a  crime,  the  people  as- 
semble in  great  numbers,  and  seat  themselves  in  front  of 
the  criminal,  placed  in  a  ditch.  They  regale  themselves 
at  a  banquet,  and  then  take  leave  of  him  as  of  one  dying. 
Afterward  ihey  surrohnd  him  with  ashes.  For  small 
offenses  the  criminal  only  is  punished.  For  a  great  crime 
the  criminal,  his  children,  and  grandchildren  are  pun- 
ished. For  the  greatest  crimes  his  descendants  unto  the 
seventh  generation  are  enveloped  in  his  chastisement. 

•*  The  name  of  the  king  of  the  country  is  called  Y-khi,  or 
Yit-khi.  The  nobles  of  the  first  class  are  called  Toui-lou ; 
those  of  the  second  class,  little  Toui-lou ;  those  of  the 
third  class,  Na-tu-cha.  When  the  king  goes  abroad  he 
is  accompanied  by  drums  and  horns.  He  changes  the 
colors  of  his  dress  at  different  epochs.     In  the  years  of 


the  cycle  kia  and  y  they  are  blue ;  in  the  years  pi nff  and 
tinff,  red  ;  in  the  years  ou  and  li\  yellow ;  in  the  years 
keng  and  «m,  white ;  in  those  Avhich  have  the  characters 
Jin  and  kouet,  black.  The  cattle  of  that  country  have 
long  horns,  upon  which  they  carry  burdens  weighing 
120  Chinese  pounds.  In  that  country  they  use,  cattle, 
horses,  and  deer  attached  to  carriages.  They  raise  deer 
as  they  do  cattle  in  China,  and  they  make  cheese  from 
the  milk  of  the  female.  They  find  a  kind  of  pear  there 
red,  which  keeps  all  the  year.  There  are  many  vines. 
Iron  is  wanting,  but  copper  is  found.  Gold  and  silver  are 
not  esteemed.  Commerce  is  free,  and  tliey  do  not  drive 
hard  bargains.    • 

"Here  they  practice  marriage.  He  who  desires  to 
marry  a  wqman  establishes  his  cabin  before  her  door.  He 
sprinkles  and  sweeps  the  earth  every  morning  and  even- 
ing in  front  of  her  cabin.  He  practices  this  formality 
during  a  year.  If  the  woman  does  not  give  her  consent 
he  leaves,  but  if  she  is  in  accord  with  him  he  marries  her. 
Tlie  ceremonies  of  marriage  are  nearly  the  same  as  those 
of  China.  At  the  death  of  a  father  or  mother  they  abstain 
from  eating  seven  days  ;  at  that  of  a  grandfather  or  grand- 
mother, five  days;  and  only  during  three  days  at  the 
death  of  brothers,  sisters,  uncles,  aunts,  and  other  rela- 
tives. The  images  of  spirits  are  placed  upon  a  species  of 
pedestal,  and  they  address  to  them  their  prayers  morning 
and  evening.  They  do  not  wear  garments  of  mourning. 
The  king  is  not  occupied  with  the  affairs  of  government 
during  the  three  years  which  follow  his  ascension  to  the 
throne.  Formerly  the  religion  of  Buddha  did  not  exist 
in  that  country. 

"  It  Avas  in  the  fourth  of  the  years  Taming.^  in  the  reign 
Ili-ao-wou-ti,  of  the  dynasty  of  Song  (a.  d.  458),  that 
five  Pikion,  or  monks  of  the  country  of  Kipin  (Cophene) 
went  to  Fousang  and  diffused  the  law  of  Buddha.  They 
carried  with  them  books,  and  the  holy  images.  They 
established  the  ritual  and  the  monastic  habits.     This 


caused  a  change  in  their  manners  and  customs."  Tlie 
Chinese  historian  from  whom  Ma-tuon-lin  has  copied  this 
relation,  adds  tliat  tliis  was  the  tirst  Itnowledge  that  tlie 
Cliinese  had  of  Fousang.  A  little  more  than  one  hun- 
dred years  later  Ly-yen  speaks  of  Fousang  in  a  manner 
that  iniplies  that  voyages  were  made  to  it  by  sea. 


Ht 


NOTICE  OF  FOUSANG  GIVEN   BY   LY-YEN. 

I.y-yen,  Chinese  historian,  who  lived  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  seventh  century,  speaking  of  a  country  dis- 
tant from  China  more  than  forty  thousand  Li  toward 
the  east,  says:  "To  reach  this  country  they  sailed  from 
the  coast  of  the  province  of  Li*aotong,  situated  to  the 
northeast  of  Pekin.  Whence  after  they  had  made  12,000 
Li,  they  reached  Japan.  From  Japan,  after  a  vo3'age  of 
7,(M)0  Li  toward  the  north,  they  reached  the  country  of 
Ven  Chin.  Five  thousand  Li  from  this  last  place,  tow- 
ard the  east,  they  found  the  country  of  Talian.  From 
thence  they  sailed  to  Fousang,  which  was  distant  from 
Tahan  20,000  Li."— Tmnslated  from  the  Chinese  into 
French  by  M.  de  Guignes,  "Memoires  de  I'Acaderaie 
des  Inscriptions  et  Belles  Lettres,"  vol.  28,  p.  504. 


TESTIMONY   OF  CHINESE   MAPS. 

Ancient  Chinese  maps  made  before  the  arrival  of  mis- 
sionaries at  Pekin,  show,  to  the  east  and  northeast  of 
China,  beyond  Japan— marked  under  the  name  of  Gi-peu 
(source  of  the  sun),  %  confused  mass  of  countries  desig- 
nat4.>d  as  small  islands  ;  among  these  is  the  celebrated 
country  of  Fousang. — "Annales  de  Philosophie  Chreti- 
enne,"  vjI.  28,  p.  102. 

The  learned  Jesuit  missionary  to  China,  P.  Gaubil,  in 
a  letter  dated  Pekin,  kov.,  1755,  says  : — 

"  In  the  ancient  Chinese  charts  made  before  the  coming 


8 

of  missionaries  to  China  and  Japan,  one  8e«»9  the  conntry 
of  Fousang  represented  as  an  island  or  islands,  to  the 
east  of  the  islands  of  Lieou  Khieou  (Loo  CJ'oo),  to  the 
south  of  Japan,  or  to  the  east  of  Jeddo." — "Nouvoau 
Journal  Asiatique,"  vol.  10,  p.  398. 

• 

FABULOUS  ACCOUNTS  OF  FOUSANO. 

Chinese  encyclopedias  simply  speak  of  Fousang  as  the 
country  of  the  extreme  east ;  but  the  liti-rature  o/  oiiina 
is  full  of  fabulous  accounts  of  Fousang,  p*  ilai'  to  those 
which  prevailed  in  Europe  respecting  Amerii^a  soon  after 
its  discovery.  Some  of  these  are  worthy  of  attention  as 
having  some  foundation  in  facts.  It  is  stated  that  in 
Fousang  grow  trees  several  thousand  feet  high.  The 
enormous  pines  of  California  could  easily  be  the  founda- 
tion of  such  a  fable. 

Another  fable  is  that  in  Fousang  are  found  silkworms 
that  produce  cocoons  of  prodigious  size. 

It  has  been  announced  within  a  few  years,  in  the  public 
journals,  tliat  there  has  been  discovered  on  the  Pacific 
coast  of  South  America,  trees  bearing  large  quantities  of 
silk.    This  affords  a  foundation  for  the  silk  fable. 

Again,  it  is  said  that  in  Fousang  were  men  who  could 
fly  in  the  air.  It  is  well  known  tliat  the  American  Indi- 
ans were  remarkably  fleet,  and  fond  of  adorning  them- 
selves with  the  feathers  of  birds.  A  light-footed  Indian 
runner  decked  with  the  plumage  of  the  feathered  tribes, 
might  originate  the  flying  fable. 

CONCLUDING  KKMARKS. 

Tahan  was  the  extreme  noi-thern  part  of  Asia,  of  an  un- 
defined extent  together  with  some  islands  adjacent,  since 
P.  Gaubil  informs  us  that  he  found  on  Chinese  charts  an 
insular  Tahan.  Kamtschatka  was  doubtless  a  part  of 
the  great  country  of  Tahan. 

''  -Fousang  must  have  been  a  country  of  great  extent 
from  north  to  south,  since  the  Buddhist  priest  says  it 


was  east  of  Tahan  and  also  east  of  China.  Puravey  says 
it  is  marked  on  Chinesu  maps  as  northeast  of  Japan  and 
China ;  P.  Gaubil  a?  south  of  .Japan.  Some  have  titouglit 
that  Fonsang  'v»»«j  Japan.  Tlie  eastern  coast  of  Japan 
might  sometime;^  i'e  called  Fousang  or  country  of  the 
extreme  east.  But  it  was  not  the  Fousang  of  history 
and  fable,  or  ill  tl»"  Chines"  writers,  all  the  Chinese  maps, 
together  wiin  the  ^outv  to  it  by  sea  clearly  defined  make 
it  entirtily  distinct  In  answer  to  the  question,  did  the 
Chinese  turn  the  prows  of  their  vessels  toward  the  east  I 
we  give  the  testimony  of  Ly-yen,  v^iz.  : — That  they  sailed 
more  than  4(),()00  Li  to  the  'ast  of  China. — See  Memoirea 
de  TAcadoniie  dea  Inscriptions  et  Bellea  Lettres,  vol. 
28,  p.  504. 

It  should  be  boine  in  mind  that  the  testimony  of  Ly-yen 
is  one  hundred  years  later,  and  entirely  independent  of 
the  Buddhist  priest  Hoe-chin.  The  length  of  the  Li  has 
varied  very  much  at  different  epochs  in  China.  But  the 
same  author  (Ly-yen)  says  that  it  was  7000  Li  from  the 
coasts  Leaotong  to  the  island  of  Toui-ma-tao  (Tsoosinia), 
situated  near  the  entrance  to  the  sea  of  Japan.  Five 
thousand  Li  of  the  same  length  will  lead  up  the  sea  of 
Japan,  to  alK)ut  the  central  part  of  the  island  of  Niphon. 
Thence  7,(KK)  Li  toward  the  north  will  end  on  the  island 
of  Saghalien.  Tlu'uce  5,000  Li  toward  the  east  will 
touch  upon  an  island  a  little  south  of  Kamtschatka. 
Thence  20,000  Li  toward  the  east  will  extend  past  the 
peTiinsula  of  Alaska  to  the  island  of  Kodiack  on  the  coast 
of  Kussian  America.  This  is  a  very  favomble  route,  as  it 
takes  advjin^nge  of  the  Japanese  current.  And  the  dis- 
tances as  given  by  Ly-yen  quite  accurate.  By  this  route 
they  would  be  in  sight  of  land  during  the  whole  voyage. 
As  it  is  stated  that  Fousjing  was  not  only  east  of  Tahan. 
but  also  east  of  China,  we  justly  infer  that  they  followed 
the  coast  as  far  south  as  Lower  California,  opposite  China 
central.  They  sailed  from  the  Gulf  of  Pechele  or  Chelee, 
and  from  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  province  Chelee, 


10 

and  it  is  not  improbable  that  they  sailed  much  farther 
south  and  gave  name  to  the  provincje  of  Chili  in  South 
America.  There  was,  also,  in  many  particulars  a  striking 
similarity  between  the  Peruvians  and  Chinese. 

The  account  given  by  the  Buddhist  priest  seems  at  first 
view  to  have  an  air  of  fable,  as  the  penal  code  to  which 
he  alludes  is  mostly  Chinese.  He  also  mentions  horses 
as  existing  in  Fousang  ;  but  we  should  remember  that 
this  condition  of  Fousang  was  the  result  of  forty  years  of 
missionary  labor.  For  he  says  they  caused  a  change  in 
their  manners  and  customs.  Eminent  Chinese  scholars 
state  that  the  Chinese  word  translated  horse,  will  apply 
to  the  lama  of  Peru- 
He  says  that  iron  is  wanting,  but  copper  is  found. 

It  has  never  been  proved  that  any  iron  tool  existed  in 
America  before  its  discovery  by  Europeans,  but  copper 
was  exceedingly  abund&ot  in  many  parts. 

He  states  that  gold  and  silver  were  not  esteemed. 

These  metals  were  so  abundant  in  Mexico  and  Pern 
that  they  were  seldom  used  as  money.  They  were  mostly 
used  as  ornaments. 

When  Captain  Drake  touched  on  the  coast  of  California 
the  natives  had  little  regard  for  the  precious  metals. 

We  find  in  Mexico  the  monastic  habits  and  ritual  to 
which  he  alludes.  See  a  full  account  in  Acosta,  and 
Prescott's  "Conquest  of  Mexico." 

The  calendar,  the  astronomy,  and  the  religious  rites  and 
ceremonies  of  the  ancient  Aztecs  bear  many  indications  of 
contact  \*ith  Central  Asia. 

If  Fousang  was  America,  the  account  given  by  this 
priest  solves  Sv^veral  important  problems. 

The  tree  Fousang  appears  to  be  the  Mexican  Maguey, 
of  which  Acosta  thus  speaks : 

"  Maguey  is  a  tree  of  wonders,  whereof  the  Notaries  or 
Chapetons  (as  the  Indians  call  them)  are  wont  to  write 
miracles,  in  that  it  yieldeth  water,  wine,  oil,  vinegar, 
honey, simp, thread, Deedles,aud  a  thousand  other  things." 


11 

Francisco  Vasquez  de  Coronado  relates  that  vessels 
were  found  at  Quiver  whose  sterns  were  gilded. 

Father  Melendes,  in  Acosta,  spfeaks  of  the  wreck  of  a 
Chinese  vessel  found  on  these  coasts. — See  Memoires  de 
I'Academie  des  Inscriptions  et  Belles  Lettres,  vol.  28 ;  ar- 
ticle Fousang. 

After  a  review  of  the  main  facts  in  the  case  and  a  cur- 
sory glance  at  a  vast  mass  of  collateral  evidence  which 
can  not  be  given  in  this  essay,  we  think  there  is  suffi- 
cient evidence  to  wan'ant  the  belief  that  Chinese  mer- 
chant-vessels passed  over  to  America  for  the  purpose  of 
traffic,  and  that  Buddhist  missionaries  came  in  these  ships, 
and  introduced  the  culture  and  religion  of  Central  Asia. 

The  Otomie  language  spoken  over  a  large  territory  in 
Mexico  has  a  singular  affinity  with  the  Chinese. — Pres- 
cott's  "Conquest  of  Mexico,"  vol.  3,  p.  396. 

It  is  generally  admitted  that  the  Toltecs  were  the  au- 
thors of  Mexican  civilization.  Clavigeio,  after  a  labori- 
ous investigation,  lixes  the  date  of  the  arrival  of  the  Tol- 
tecs in  Anahuac,  a.  d.  648.— Prescott,  vol.  1,  p.  17, 
note. 

Civilization  appears  upon  the  plains  of  Mexico  about 
one  hundred  and  forty  years  after  the  Chinese  became 
acquainted  with  Fousang. 


■<i. 


iiil 


12 


INTERPRETATION  OF  INDIAN  NAMES. 


INDIAN  NAMES  IN  NEW  TOBK. 


Ar-monk — Fishing  place.  Aumauog^  they  are  fish- 
ing.—R.  Williams'  Key,  p.  103.  Aumaui^  he  is  gone  to 
fish.— R.  Williams'  Key,  p.  103.  Aman,  a  fishing  line.— 
Zeisbei^er.  Ann^  I  take  fish  with  a  line.— Rasle,  D.,  p. 
510.  Literally,  place  of  taking  fish  with  a  line.  The  ter- 
mination A:,  is  local  and  signifies  place. 

AsH-PE-qpoNG — At  the  hill.  From  asTvpotag^  height. — 
El.  Bible. 

A-SHo-KAN — Falls  or  rapids. 

Cha-pe-qua — There  is  a  big  rook  or  large  rook  abounds. 
From  cAa,  large ;  puck  oipik,  rock,  and  a,  a  verbal  sign, 
or  ka,  a  sign  of  abundance. 

Cha-te-muk— Great  rocks.  Cha,  great ;  amukqut^ 
•rock,  or  tompsqtU,  rock.— E.  B. 

Cfs-QUA— Muddy.     Siscu,  muddy. 

Co-n6n-de-conk— At  the  very  steep,  or  long  hill. 

Co-h6nk-son— Very  crooked. 

Cox-SACK-iE- High  hills.  From  kogsuhkoagiah,  high 
hills.— El.  B.,  Gen.  7  :  19. 

E-80-PU8 — A  bend  of  a  peculiar  kind  in  a  river. 
From  asoeposue,  backsliding.— Eliot's  Bible,  Jer.  3 :  6. 
Also  from  Chip,  aje,  going  backward,  and  sepus,  a  river. 

Has-e-co — It  is  miry.  Name  of  meadows  on  Armonk 
River,  in  the  town  of  Rye. 

Ho-MO-WACK— To  flow  out. 

Ho-PAT-coKE— Cold  spring. 

Hunk— Above,  or  at  the  top  of  a  hill  or  falls.  ♦  yrik 
wocy  above.— Gen.  1 : 7,  El.  B. 


13 

Ki-oha-wIn — Rapid  stream.  From  kijidjiwan,  it 
runs  fast ;  a  rapid. — Baraga. 

KiT-TA-TijN-NY — High  mountain.  Kit^  great ;  and 
ahtonsh^  a  pile. 

Kis-co — A  steep  place. 

Ma-hXck-a-mack — Large  house ;  chief's  house. 

Man-hat-tan — Indian  name  of  Hell-Gate.  Whirling 
rapid.  Wan-di-an^  a  whirlpool. — Baraga.  Men'-it-an, 
to  be  carried  away  ;  rapids. — Rasle. 

Ma-m1r-o-neck — A  large  creek,  or  river. 

Mos-ho-l6o — Much  fishing ;  a  store  of  fish  is  taken. 
{Ne)-mesdirSha,  I  have  taken  much  fish. — Rasle,  page  609. 
Lf  n,  and  r  are  interchangeable  in  Indian.  MesairHha 
may  be  written  Mesilouha.    (8  has  the  sound  of  ou.) 

MuM-i.  )CK-us — Meadow  stream. 

Mo-HUNK — High  hill. 

Nap-an-ock — Place  of  falls  or  rapids. 

N^-pe-ran — Swift  water,  from  nepe,  water,  and  ruC- 
arine,  to  flow. — Rasle,  p.  457. 

Nes-co-tack — Bad  swamp. 

Ny-ack— A  point,  corner,  or  angle. 

Pa-gunk— Governor's  Island.  Nut  place.  Pagan, 
a  nut.  ,^ 

Paugh-kan-augh-sig — Different  or  otherwise  run- 
neth it  A  stream  that  runs  in  a  difierent  direction  from 
the  main  stream. 

PA-PA-BfN-E-MiN— Papa,  rouudabout ;  arrine,  flow- 
eth  ;  min,  us.  We  are  encircled  by  a  river.  Indian 
name  of  an  island  in  Harlem  River,  on  the  Westchester 
side  of  King's  Bridge. 

Pe-taugh-kunk — A^plunge,  a  fall  in  a  stream. 

PouGH-KEEP-siE — Small  cove  or  harbor. 

PuNK-HocK-iE—Steep  banks. 

QuAs-SA-iCK — Rocky  stream. 

S<TCK-AN-Nfs8-iNG — Black-stone  place. 

SoHUN-E-MUNK,  or  Skun-e-munk — At  the  great  moun- 


ij 


i  li 


14 

tain,   or  heap.    From  sJco,    intensive,  and  nomung^  a 

heap. 

Sha-wan-gunk— /S^Aa,  or  cha,  great ;  wa%  deep ;  gon, 
an  abyss  or  falling-place  ;  Jc,  local.  Great,  deep  falling- 
place,  or  precipice.  Indian  name  of  the  lofty  precipice 
on  the  southern  front  of  Shawangunk  Mountains. 

Sho-rock-a-pock — A  passage  through  ;  Spnyt-den- 
duyvel.  Shorock,  through  a  hole.  From  esanraghiiiwi. — 
Rasle,  p.  553.    Kahik,  passing. — B. 

Wa-wa-sing — At  the  bend  (of  the  river). 

We-ca-buck— Great,  steep  rock.  Wa,  intensive,  and 
korbik  or  buk,  a  steep  rock. 

Wa-wa-yan-da — It  is  heard  distinctly.  Wa-ioa, 
intensive ;  yonda,  a  dialectic  fonn  from  onondan,  he 
hears  it. — B.  .Name  of  a  cascade  in  Orange  County,  New 
York.  There  is  also  a  mountain  in  that  region  from 
which  the  residents  affirm  comes  a  roaring  sound,  prob- 
ably occasioned  by  a  waterfall. 

INDIAN  NAMES  ON  LONG  ISLAND. 

Am-a-gan-set— Fish  drying,  or  when  fish  is  dried. 
Annmirkan — Rasle,  p.  627. 

CoN-ET-QUT— It  is  beautiful,  fair.  Kooneet.—E\.  B., 
Song,  4  :  7.     Owanatch.—B. 

CoN-Ni:c-Ti-coTT— Long  cultivated  fields.  From  kon^ 
long  ;  and  kiiigade^  it  is  planted.— B.  This  word  is  often 
contracted  more  or  less  in  composition.  One  contracted 
form  is  nitte.  See  R.  Williams'  Key,  page  89.  Aquegun- 
nitte-ash^  fields  worn  out.  Aquegun,  barren  ;  nitte,  field ; 
asli,  plural. 

Go-AN-AS— Shallow,  intensely  muddy— Co  or  Aro,  in- 
tensive ;  and  winis,  mire. 

Ja-mai-ca-Gemico-Jamico— This  word  refers  to  beav- 
er. Sha,  abundance ;  amik,  beaver ;  o,  verbal  sign, 
meaning,  there  is. 


15 

Man-iias-set — An  island  sheltered  by  other  islands. 

Mo-Ri-CHE9 — Oyster   digging,   or  shell-fish  digging.         / 
Monash,  to  dig  or  weed  ;  and  ess^  a  shell  o^  oyster.  '^  / 

N  A-PAGUE — Shallow  water.  Nipe,  water ;  and  bagwa, 
shallow  or  flat,  from  na-baga,  it  is  flat. — B.  Beach  on 
Long  Island. 

Nay-ack— A  point. 

RoN-coN-KO-MA — From  raga,  a  dialectic  form  of 
na-gau,  sand ;  and  wakami,  clear  water.  Sandy  shore 
of  the  crystal  water. 

Shag-wam — A  long  shallow  place  where  the  waves 
break.  Jagawamika,  there  is  a  long  shallow  place  in  the 
lake  where  the  waves  break. — B. 


INDIAN  NA34E8  IN    PENNSYLVANIA. 

A-QU0N-CHI-C6-LA — Bush-net  stream,  or  thick  under- 
brush stream.  Akawanjika,  there  is  thick  under-brush 
of  the  fir  kind. — B.     Agioindjin,  to  float.        . 

Al-le-ga-ny — Good  stream  for  canoes.  Wullit,  good ; 
anne,  stream ;  wul-ach-ne-u,  a  creek  or  river  without 
falls. — Zeis. 

Co-qu6n-ock  (Philadelphia)— Pine  forest  place.  Cu- 
we,  pine ;  kwam,  forest ;  ock,  place,  or  long  pine  place. 
Cu-we,  pine  ;  quon,  long  ;  ock,  place. 

Co-c6ss-iNG — Place  of  owls.  Ook-hos,  an  owl. — Z. 
Ko-ko-ko.—B. 

Co-d6-rus — Sti:eam  by  which  they  go  inland  in  a 
canoe.  Oo-pa-avi,  or  at  the  ascent  of  a  river ;  ak-8-dai- 
8-i,  at  the  ascent  of  a  river.— Rasle,  p.  648. 

CiiiK-i-SA-LtJN-GO.  Tchekisse,  to  run  aground,  pad- 
dling.— B.  Meaning  of  Zww^o  uncertain,  but  probably  re- 
fers to  stream. 

KiTH-AN-NE— Large  stream. 

Lech-au-iian-ne — The  forks  occasioned  by  the  con- 
fluence of  two  rivers. 

Ly-c6m-inq— Sandy  stream. 


le 

Maoh-h1n-ne — Large  stream. 

Mau-chunk— At  the  large  mountain. 

MAN-i-tJNK— Steep  or  deep  place. 

MoY-A-Mi:NSiNG — Gathering  place  of  pigeons.  Prom 
mawinni,  assembled  (Zeis.,  Gram.,  p.  237),  and  OTtiemey 
a  pigeon,  and  sing,  place. 

Mo-NON-GA-HiL-A— Said  to  mean  trembling  banks. 

NiSH-AM-HAN-NE— Two  streams  making  one  by  flow- 
ing together. 

Pem-a-pack — A  pond  without  a  currept. 

Po-ho-p6ck-a — Two  mountains  butting  with  their 
ends  against  each  other. 

Sho-ho-kan — Glue. — Zeis. 

Sus-QUE-HAN-NA— Smooth  rivcr.  From  sooskwa,  it  is 
smooth,  and  gnna,  a  stream. 

Sank-i-nack— Flint  stone. 

Sau-con — The  outlet  of  a  stream. 

Tank-han-na— Small  stream. 
*     TAM-MA-yuA^Beaver  stream.    . 

To-BY-HAN-NA — AJder  stream. 

W/-6-MING — Wide  place  or  wide  flats.      WawuTiie, 
Abroad.  — Cotton. 

WY-A-Lt;-8iNQ— Forcible  rushing.  From  wia,  inten- 
sive, and  nishe  or  lishe,  to  come  down  sliding,  or  usis- 
aus,  to  run.— E.  B.,  1  Sam.  17 :  17. 

INDIAN  NAMES  IN  NEW  JEB8EY. 


AB-si-cuM — Low  ground.  Prom  Tabissakamiga, 
There  is  low  ground.— B. 

As-suN-PiNK — Rocky  falls.  From  assin,  a  stone,  and 
pangissin,  it  falls. 

Ac-QuAcK-AN-ocK— Barren  land.  AqiLockent  barren, 
and  ake,  land. 

AT-sf-oN,  or  At-si-onk— At  the  narrowa 

Chun-ga-r6ra — Oyster  stream  or  oyster  place.  Chimf 
koo.  an  oyster. — Cotton. 


t7 


CoM-Mu-jri-PAtidH— Rain  water. 

Haok-en-saok — Place  of  small  or  short  bends. 
From  hucJc-quon,  a  hook  or  bend;  sis^  diminutive,  and  uk^ 
place  ;  or  Jiack-in-sJc(ik^  abundance  of  bends. 

Ho-PAT-KONG — A  stream  issuing  from  springs. 

KtJ8H-E-TUNK— At  the  high  hill. 

Lo-pat-k6no — A  rapid  stream.  LnippeheUe^  flowing 
water. — Heck.  Manuscripts. 

Man-as-quan— End  of  a  peninsula. 

MA-TOtJCH-iN — Much  rise  up,  much  hill.  From  mach^ 
much,  and  tahshinumulc^  lifted  up. — E.  B.,  Zech.  9  :  16. 
Or  mut^  from  amut^  a  hill,  and  ish  or  oush^  intensive, 
having  the  sense  of  high.  High  hill.  It  is  said  to  be  the 
highest  spot  between  New  York  and  Trenton. 

Mus-con-:6t-oonq — Rushing  or  angry  styeam. 

Ni;v-i-8iNK — At  a  point  of  land  projecting  into  a  sea, 
lake,  or  bay.  Neiashi,,  point  of  land  projecting  into  a 
lake  (B.),  and  ink,  place  at,  or  on. 

Pas-sa-ic — In  the  valley.  Pachseyink — Heckewel- 
der. 

Po-hat-c6ng — Rapids  in  a  river. 

Rah-way — In  the  middle,  or  between  the  rivers. 
Jiah-way,  nah-way,  and  lah-way  signify  in  the  middle, 
in  the  midst. 

Rar-i-tan — Forked  river. 

SE-ci.u-cu8 — Snake  hiding-place.  From  skouk,  snake, 
(Rasle,  p.  528),  and  kas,  to  be  hidden  (B.).  Here  is  a  hill 
abounding  with  snakes. 

SiLAB-E-ooifG — Clay  stream,  or  at  the  place  where 
there  is  clay. 

T6-T0-WA — A  gap  or  breach. 

TuoK'A-Ho — ^^Name  of  a  plant  j&om  which  the  Indians 
made  bread. 

Wat-ckog — Crooked  pond;  probably  a  'softened 
form  of  wagiy  crooked. 

WAT-sts-iNG — Doubled  up,  folded  Folding.— -E.  R, 
1  Kings,  6 :  34,  Wadchishinneash. 


'I  . 


18 


INDIAN  NAME8  IN  DELAWARE. 

•  StJs-PE-co — It  18  habitually  muddy.    Sus,  mud ;  pe^ 
water ;  Aro,  custom  or  habit. 

Wa-w AS-SET — It  is  a  noble  bend.  Literally,  he  is 
circular.  When  .i  inanimate  object  is  named  by  an 
animate  verb,  ai  .  thus  personified,  it  is  a  sign  of  some 
real  or  supposed  excellence.  Set,  so  far  as  I  have  been 
able  to  discover,  is  always  the  termination  of  an  animate 
verb.  It  is  in  the  animate  subjunctive  passive,  or  what 
Hekewelder,  Edwards,  and  Zeisberger  call  a  participle. 

INDIAN   NAMES   IN  MARYLAND. 

Al-le-ga-ny — Good  scream  for  canoes. 

An-ne-m^ss-ex — Creek  abounding  with  logs.  From 
anamaii,  underneath,  and  ssag,  wood. 

AN-Ti-i;-TAM — Swift  water. 

A-QUA-KEEK — Full  of  thick  bushes. 

Chap-tic-o — It  is  a  deep  stream. 

CHES-APtAKE — Salt  bay.  Jiwissi,  it  is  sour  or  salt, 
and  beka,  slowly,  gently,  quietly. 

Chop-tank — Deep  or  large  river. 

CHiN-coTEAGUE—Place  of  oysters.  From  chunkooy 
an  oyster.— Cotton. 

Mat-a-w6m-an — Place  of  sand,  or  sandy-bottom 
stream. 

Ma-cho-dic — Much  paddling  or  steering.  Much, 
much,  odaA'e,  a  steering-paddle. 

Ne-ap-sco — Much  foaming  water. 

Pat-aps-co — Abundance  of  white  foam.  From  bite 
orpeah-ieau,  foam  ;  ap,  white  ;  sco,  abundance. 

Po-t6-mac — Narrow  broad  river.  PotoeinoouJc,  swell- 
ing out. — E.  B.,  Psa.  30 :  13.  Narrow  or  pointed  at  one 
end,  a,pd  broad  at  the  other.  Pat,  from  patchiska,  it  is 
pointed  (B.),  and  wawame,  broad. 

INDIAN    NAMES   IN    MAINE. 

Ab-ol-i-ja-k6m-i-ous — The  water  turns  round  at  the 


19 


foot  of  a  high  fall.  Abamodjwan^  the  water  turns  round 
at  the  foot  of  a  rapid  ;  and  akos,  of  a  certain  heiglit. 

Ac  QUE-iiA-DoNGON-ocK— At  the  weir,  causing  to 
stop,  instrument,  place. 

Am-i-ti-oon-p6n-ti-cook  (Lewiston) — A  boiling  cata- 
ract. From  amidegatnlde,  it  overflows  boiling  (B.),  and 
poiilook,  falls. 

A-MON-cox-GON— Fish  drying. 

An-dros-c6o-gin — Orthography  of  this  word  unset- 
tled. It  probably  should  be  Angwassagin^  river  of 
flood-wood,  or  place  where  there  is  flood- wood.  If  dros 
is  a  radical  part  of  the  Avord,  it  refers  to  the  sound  of 
rushing  water. — R.,  p.  446. 

CiiAM-QUSs-A-BAM-KooK  —  One  paddling  can  touch 
bottom.  (iVm)  tcJieme,  I  paddle ;  and  ffosahimagad,  it 
goes  to  the  bottom  ;  participle  or  subjunctive,  gwesahim- 
agdk. — B. 

CiiES-suN-cooK— Large  pines.  Cha^  large,  and  jlng- 
wak,  a  pine-tree ;  cuwCy  or  the  ktie  of  Rasle,  is  white 
pine. 

Cob-e-se-k6n-te — Sturgeon  spearing.  Kau-posh,  a 
sturgeon  ;  and  gond^  pushing,  thrusting. 

ClJSii-NocK  (Augusta) — Rapids. 

Ken-ne-beck — Long,  still  water.  Kenne,  long  ;  and 
heka,  quiet,  or  slowly,  gently. 

Ma-qiJoit — A  point  of  land  Jutting  into  the  water. 
From  {nin)  7noki\  I  come  forth,  I  make  my  appearance  ; 
participle,  mwakld. — B.  It  may  perhaps  be  applied  to  a 
cove  of  water  extending  into  the  land. 

Mad-a-was-ka — Noisy  stream.  Mttdweska,  it  makes 
a  cracking  noise. 

Meim-con-neao — Shoulder,  carrying  pljice. 

Pe-j^p-scot — Ragged  rocks.  Passipskodtud,  ragged 
rocks.— El.  B.,  Isa.  2  :  21. 

Pe-nob-scot — It  is  rocky,  or  rock  abounds. 

Pre-si'tmp-scot — Cliflfs  of  rocks.  Passompskodcliuhtu 
—E.  B.,  Isa.  57  :  5, 


I-;, 


, -i: 


r 


20 

Pis  CAT-A-QUis— A  heap  of  rocks.  Pislqnttu,  rock  ; 
and  okwiss,  from  okwisslnon,  they  are  together  in  a 
heap. 

Sa-co— Outlet  of  a  river,  SagiiDcuiy  B.  ;  Sa-ku-wit^ 
Zeis.;  San/if/i^k,  Hasle. 

Sciioo-DAC — Ljirge  hike,  lit.,  al)un(lance  of  steering. 
ScJio,  abuntlance  ;  and  odake^  to  steer  a  canoe,  also  a 
steering  paddle. 

Sa-oa-da-hock — Around  the  mouth  of  a  river ;  the 
place  in  the  lake  round  the  mouth  of  a  river,    i^if/lda,  B. 

SiiE-hEAO,  or  CiiK-HKAG~An  island,  noted  place  of 
resort  in  Portland  harbor ;  there  is  no  brushwood,  no 
underwood.  Jibia,  there  is  no  underbrush  ;  participle, 
Jabelag. — B. 


between   the 


Osa.,  much  ; 


INDIAN   NAMES  IN   NEW   IIAMPSIIIKE. 

Am-mon-oos-uc — Wild  roaring  stream. 

KoN-Too-KOOK — Noisy  streani,  or  the  song  of  rushing 
water. 

Ke-ar-sarge — Very  high  hill. 

Mo-NAD-NocK — Steep  mountain. 

Nasii-u-a — Between,   in    the  middle  ; 
rivers. 

Nicii-e-wan-e — Loud  sounding  rapids. 

Os-SE-PE — Large  water,  or  large  river. 
sepe,  river. 

Pem-i-ji-was-set  —  Noble  stream  ;  chief  current. 
Blmidjiwan,  it  is  running  water ;  .ve/,  he  is.  A  sign  of 
excellence.     An  inanimate  object  personified. 

Pis-CAT-A-QUA — Kocky  stream,  or  abundance  of  rocks. 
From  plsqiUta^  rock  ;  and  qua,  which  probably  signi- 
fies abundance.  The  termination  meaning  abundance 
varies  in  different  sections.  It  is  one  of  the  most  common 
forms  of  Indian  speech. 

Pis-CAT-A-QUOG — Large  rock.  Pisqutla^  rock  ;  and 
ekwag,  large.  Plscataqua  is  indicative  ;  piscalaquacJCy 
subjunctive.    The  genius  of  the  Indian  language  makes 


21 

almost  every  part  of  spfoch  a  verb.  It  deliglits  also  in 
the  subjunctive  mood.  Tlie  names  of  places  are  many  of 
them  verbs  with  two  forms :  one  in  tlie  indicative,  tlie 
other  the  subjunctive  mood. 

Un-(;o-n6()-ni;c — A  heap  upon  a  heap. 

■  WiN-Ni-Pi.s-E-6(J-KK  —  The  curved  line  of  grace  and 
beauty.  Poetically  called  tin;  smile  of  the  Great  Spirit ; 
literally,  it  is  circular,  full  of  cuives.  Winibassifjl-gissis, 
the  sun  has  a  circle. — B.  It  leans  or  inclines  on  one  side, 
and  then  on  the  other,  bending,  or  curving.  Elanibessag, 
it  leans  on  one  side,  and  then  on  the  other.  Anibesse,  it 
is  leaning. — B. 

INDIAN    NAMES    IN    MASSACHUSETTS. 

Ao-A-WAM — Place  of  curing  iish.  Poistton  honcane — 
AgHanti. — Rasle.  i^ 

A-cusH-NET — A  cluster  of  hills.  OKwUhinog,  they  are 
together  in  a  heap.    •  ^ 

Ap-PON-E-GAN-!.i.r — Still,  or  quiet  water.  Aip-jmie- 
iean,  to  make  calm.— El.  B.,  Psalm  107:  29. 

As-SA-BET — It  is  miry. 

Co-ciiiT-fj-ATE— Very  deep  water,  or  deep  water 
abounds.  Ko,  intensive,  and  c/dtqueu,  deep  water  (Zeis., 
Gram.,  p.  238) ;  at,  verbal  sign,  there  is  much  deep  water. 

Co-HAS-iT — It  is  rough,  or  crooked. 

Co-No-HAs-iT — It  is  long. 

Hoo-SACK — A  pinnacle,  a  sharp-pointed  height. 

Jai-mai-ca — Abundance  of  beaver.  Ch(i,  much  ;  amik, 
beaver ;  a,  verbal  sign. 

Mas-sa-ciiu-setts— Hill  in  the  shape  of  an  arrow-head. 
Cotton.  Blue  mountains. — R.  Williams.  Much  mountain. 
J.  H.  Trumbull.  The  true  meaning  in  the  opinion  of  the 
writer  is,  A  noble  clearing  in  the  forest,  or  large  open 
fields.  Mosc/iiiot\  clear  (Zeis.) ;  moji  (B.),  inofise  (smooth, 
El.),  a  clearing.  Majiignn,  I  make  a  clearing.  Majiige,  I  cut 
brushwood  and  big  trees  down.  (JVin)  majlic,  openly, 
plainly.    Mijisha,  I  expose  to  the  sight  of  the  people  some 


i. 


#■ 


; 


99 

animate  object.  (37/«)  miju/tcusa,  paHiciple  or subj vinctivo 
of  this  verb  is  meji-ti/in^-sad  (B.),  almost  exactly  Massa- 
chusett.  It  is  open,  uncov<'red,  exposed  to  the  sight, 
mijisshawissin.  Tliis  seems  clearly  the  root  of  the 
word.  Let  us  see  if  the  meaning  is  applicable.  Josselyn, 
in  speaking  of  Mount  Wolleston,  says :  *'  It  is  called 
Massachusetts  fields.  That  here  Chicatabut,  the  greatest 
Sagamore  of  the  country,  lived  before  the  plague."  "  Three 
miles  to  the  north  of  Wichaguscusset  is  Mount  Wolleston, 
a  very  fertile  soil,  and  a  place  very  convenient  for  farmers' 
houses,  there  being  great  store  of  plain  ground  without 
trees.  Near  this  place  is  Massachusetts  fields,  .shere  the 
greatest  Sagamore  lived  before  the  plague,  who  caused  it 
to  be  cleared  for  himself." — Wood's  "New  England's 
Prospect."  Drake's  "  History  of  Boston,"  p.  44.  Such  a 
clearing  on  th(^  rock-bountl  coast  of  New  England,  made 
before  the  settlement  of  the  country  by  Europeans  would 
be  noted  far  and  near  among  the  Indians.  We  have  not 
the  least  doubt  but  that  this  is  the  true  meaning. 

Misii-AW-UN  or  MisiiAWUM— Charlestown  ;  far  out  on 
the  sea  or  lake. 

Na-iiant — A  point  in  the  sea. 

NA-iitTM-K?:AG— Salem  ;  place  abounding  in  fish,  or 
place  abounding  in  striped  bass.  From  namos^  a  fish, 
and  kikage,  to  make  marks  ;  either  marked  or  noted  for 
fish,  or  marked  fish,  /.  e.,  striped  bass. 

Na-pon-set — As  he  is  a  rapid.  Set  is  the  third  per- 
son singular  of  the  animate  subjunctive  passive.  It  is  a 
good  fall.  That  is,  easily  passed  over  by  canoes.  Being 
personified,  it  had  to  the  Indian  some  kind  of  excellence. 

Ojf-Ko-TE  (Milton)— Place  of  hills. 

QuN-NE-Bo-QuiN— Charles  River ;  it  is  circular  or 
crooked. 

QuiN-siG-A-MOND— Long  lake ;  long,  thin  water. 
Quin-long  and  Jogamanmfjad,  it  is  liquid ;  literally,  long 
liquid  (,;■  in  this  word  has  the  sound  of  s).  Quin,  long  ; 
siff,  thin  or  shallow  ;  gam,  water.    Long,  shallow  lake. 


^am 


23 

Squan-tum — Abundance  of  large  rocks. 

Sa-gus— Wet  or  overflowed  grass  land.  SafjaaJca,  the 
grass  begins  to  grow  ;  shagaskit,  grass  wet  with  the 
dew.  —Zeis.  Slffisse,  it  is  overflowed  ;  safflssiff,  over- 
flowed.— B. 

SiiAW-MUT — Boston.  S/ia,  intensive,  and  amut,  a 
hill,  a  cluster  of  hills.  Aniut  in  composition  signifies 
hill. 

Sii  AW-siiKKN — It  is  smooth,  glossy.  Waha-chan,  smooth, 
glossy. — Zeis.,  Gram.,  p.  227. 

Skak-go — It  is  a  steep  or  high  hill. 

Tit-  i-c  ut — Crooked. 

Wa-ciiu-8ET— He  who  is  a  mountain ;  i.  c,  a  noble 
mountain. 

Wat-tup-pa — Side  by  side  lakes. 

Win  Nis-i-MET — Swamp  hill.  Wlnis,  mire;  amut, 
bill.     Hill  in  a  marsh. 

INDIAN  NAMES  ON  NANTUCKET. 

Nan-tuck-et— It  is  heard,  or  it  makes  itself  heard. 
Kondagwet,  it  is  heard.— Baraga.  It  sounds,  tjondagu- 
eue. — Chipeway  Spelling  Book,  vol.  3,  p.  60.  It  makes 
itself  heard,  nbdanngHcU. — Rasle,  p.  446.  Named  from 
the  sound  caused  by  the  shoals  on  the  coast. 

QuoN-su — It  is  long. 


INDIAN  NAMES  IN   RHODE  ISLAND. 

A-QUID-Nic — An  island. 

A-PON-AUG — Place  of  oysters. 

Aqua-ba-paug — Scoop-net  pond.  A  euphonic,  or  dia- 
lectic form  of  q^cabagon,  a  scoop-net  and  pog-pond. 
Aqva-ha-or-pa  signifies  to  dmw  with  the  arm.  Where  fish 
are  taken  with  a  small  draw-net. 

As-sA-puM-siK— Rock  cave,  hiding-place.  Assa,  to 
put  or  place  him  somewhere  ;  pumipsquash,  rock. 

Ciiis-A-WAx-NocK,  or  CiiE-sA-WAN-E—Hog  or  Perry 


24 


Island.    Muddy  at  the  bottom.    Part  of  the  island  is  a 
marsh. 

Cax-ox-i-cot  or  Qrox-ox-A-QiroT — Very  long. 

Man-is-ses — Small  island. 

MAsii-A-PArc — Large  pond. 

Misii-o-w6m-et,  or  Siia-om-et — Far  ont  in  the  sea  or 
lake. 

Nar  ka-<;ax->et — Xoble  or  excellent  ferry.  Karra, 
to  carry  or  fetch  by  water  ;  gan,  a  ninstruraent  or  place 
used  in  th^  manner  expressed  by  the  root,  and  set^  verbal 
termination  signifying  he  is,  or  he  who  |is.  Fetch  by 
water — us*'d  place — he  is.  -SW  being  animate,  is  a  sign 
of  excellence.  Hence,  good  ferrying-place.  {Ne)nann- 
daganse,  from  the  water  where  I  am  I  go  to  the  shore. — 
Rasle,  word,  terre,  page  534.  The  Delaware  naieii,  and 
the  Chipi)ewa  nada,  are  used  in  this  sense.  But  nana^ 
without  a  d  or  /.  also  signifies  to  fetch. — B.  Carrying 
places  by  land  gHnnrally  begin  with  the  83ilable  marra 
or  mene^  which  alludes  to  the  shoulder.  Roger  Wil- 
liams once  askf^  an  Indian  the  meaning  of  narraganset ; 
he  pointed  to  an  island  about  a  rod  from  the  shore,  and 
said  that  wa.s  narraganstt  (good  ferry  ;  short  ferry). 

Ny-att — A  point. 

PA-PAs-st^UASH — Peninsula  near  Bristol.  Hushes. 
PupishashqHOiih.  a  nish. — E.  B.,  Isa.  9  :  li.  At  its  en- 
trance are  marshes  covered  with  rusln-s. 

Pot-o-w6m-ut,  or  Poot-o  w6om-kt — ^rarrow  at  one 
end  and  broad  at  the  other.  Pai  from  paMiiska,  it  is 
pointed,  and  tcatrame,  broad. 

PAW-TrcK-KT — A  fall. 

Paw-tux-et— A  good  fall ;  excellent  fall.  Probably 
one  easily  passed  over  by  canoes  at  high  tide. 

Wey-b6s-set — Narrow  place.  The  narrows,  Wibo- 
na  (nind),  I  make  it  narrow,  and  be-dto,  near. — B. 

Wo()X-s6cK-ET— Fails.  Loud-sounding  falls.  Woo- 
woovg,  long  soundeth  ;  soJcamuna,  to  pour  out ;  worij 
to  howl. 


35 

Wox-socK-ET— Hill.  Pond  on  a  hill.  Wana,  a  reser- 
voir of  water,  and  sakl,  which  in  composition  signifies  a 
mountain  or  hill. 


INDIAN  NAMES   IN   CONNECTICUT. 

Asii-PE-TiTCK— Mountain  river.  As7q)o7da{/,  height 
(E.  B.,  Ex.  37  :  1),  and  tuck,  river. 

CoN-NEC-Ti-cUT— Long  cultivated  fields.  KSeuiek,  R. 
p.  407. 

Hou-sa-t6n-ic  (Oshedina) — There  is  a  long  narrow 
ridge  of  a  mountain  (B.) ;  river  of  the  hmg  mountain  ridge. 

Mash-a-paug — Large  pond. 

Mys-tic — Large  or  wide  river. 

JfA-OA-TUCK — Hindered  river,  obstructed  with  rapids. 
(jVi/i)  naga,  I  hinder,  stop  ;  and  tuck,  river. 

Nat-ciiaug — Kapid  stream. 

Paw-ca-tuck — Pure  or  fresh  river.  Pahke,  pure  ; 
and  tack,  river. 

QriN-NE-«A UG — Long  water. 

QriN-E-Pi-ACK,  or  QriN-xiP-i-Ac — Crooked  river,  or 
one  that  runs  in  circuits  ;  crooked. — E.  B.,  Judges,  5  :  G. 
QuinmipjH'koimcc,  compasseth.  Gen.  2:13;  Quanvpis- 
liunk  in  circuit,  1  Sam.,  7:10;  Ukqii i ninqniJtkomu n. 

SiiE-TrcK-ET — Violent  river,  or  large  river.  She,  is 
generally  intensive,  and  may  signifj'  large,  or  violent,  as 
the  context  requires  ;  tuck,  river.  Some  make  she  a 
contracted  form  of  nasftawaii,  between,  and  interpret, 
between  the  rivers.  Rasle  has  tsaSfegSe,  in  the  middle 
of  the  river. 

Scan-tic — Rushing  river. 

WiL-Li-MAN-Tic — LStrongly  running  river,  rapids. 
Wauuiua,  much,  strongly  (Barraga) ;  maul,  from  mant- 
scrra,  he  runs  (Rasle) ;  and  tuck,  river. 

Yan-tic— Is  probably  a  dialectic  form  of  the  Chippewa 
wendcff,  boiling,  raging ;  or  on(7e,  it  boils ;  and  Ifc, 
river.  Or  better,  an  or  on,  sound  ;  v/,  intensive  ;  and 
tick,  river  ;  loud  sounding  rapids.    Tlie  Indian  language 


■1 


,  ►;  i. 


i 


,1  I-    ♦ 


26 

is  capable  of  expressing  thesame  general  idea  in  a  great 
variety  of  ways;  yet  every  change  of  sound,  letter,  or 
accent  gives  a  shade  of  meaning  diflScult  to  transfer  into 
English. 

WESTERN  INDIAN  NAMES. 

Ciii-CA-GO — At  the  harbor  or  place  of  shelter  for  ca- 
noes. From  tcJiig,  near,  close  by,  at ;  and  ago,  the  root 
of  agomowin,  a  harbor.  This  root  has  the  sense  to  cover, 
to  shelter. 

Il-li-n6is — River  of  men. 

Kas-kas-kia — Abundance  of  grass. 

Mr  -is-sip-Pi — Large  river.   Ml  she,  large ;  sippi,  river. 

MiS-sou-Ri — Said  to  mean  big  muddy.  If  this  ie  the 
correct  meaning,  the  roots  are  miss,  great ;  and  winnis, 
dirty .  or  winia,  to  niake  it  dirty.  N  and  r  are  inter- 
chanj;eable  ;  Miss-wiria.  Wi  changed  to  ou  by  eu- 
plion}',  makes  Missouria,  much  dirty  makes  it. 

Misii-E-GAN — Large  inland  lake. 

Ohio — Beautiful  river,  or  river  of  good  fruit. 

Wa-basii— Marsh  river.  Wabashkiki,  a  swamp, 
marsh. 


a  great 
itter,  or 
fer  into 


'  for  ca- 
he  root 
3  cover, 


i,  river, 
is  16  the 
winnis, 
:e  inter- 
by  eu- 


swarap, 


